CALENDAR
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonThomas Cornelius, OrgelNDR VokalensembleKlaas Stok, Dirigent
ProgrammWerke von Claudio Monteverdi, Giovanni Gabrieli, Gesualdo di Venosa, Márton Illés u. a.
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonThomas Cornelius, OrgelNDR VokalensembleKlaas Stok, Dirigent
ProgrammWerke von Claudio Monteverdi, Giovanni Gabrieli, Gesualdo di Venosa, Márton Illés u. a.
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonAvi Avital, MandolineVenice Baroque OrchestraMassimo Raccanelli, Dirigent
ProgrammVivaldi: »Die vier Jahreszeiten« sowie Werke für Saxophon, Mandoline und Orchester
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonAvi Avital, MandolineVenice Baroque OrchestraMassimo Raccanelli, Dirigent
ProgrammVivaldi: »Die vier Jahreszeiten« sowie Werke für Saxophon, Mandoline und Orchester
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonMatthias Loibner, DrehleierBo Wiget, CelloEmil Kuyumcuyan, Vibraphon und Darbuka
Programm»An die Liebe« – Provenzalische und maurische Melodien und Weisen aus dem frühen Mittelalter
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonMatthias Loibner, DrehleierBo Wiget, CelloEmil Kuyumcuyan, Vibraphon und Darbuka
Programm»An die Liebe« – Provenzalische und maurische Melodien und Weisen aus dem frühen Mittelalter
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonLuise Enzian, BarockharfeThor-Harald Johnsen, Laute
ProgrammWerke von Caccini, Strozzi, Dowland und Lana del Rey
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonLuise Enzian, BarockharfeThor-Harald Johnsen, Laute
ProgrammWerke von Caccini, Strozzi, Dowland und Lana del Rey
Programme:
A combination of saxophone, cello, hurdy-gurdy, vibraphone and the Arabic drum darbuka. Together, the musicians present a fascinating programme in which Occitan sounds from the 12th and 13th centuries are combined with contemporary techniques.
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Matthias Loibner - hurdy-gurdy
Bo Wiget - cello
Emil Kuyumcuyan - vibraphone, darbuka
Programme:
Symphony Concert No. 8
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Serenade No. 13 for Strings in G major KV 525, Eine kleine Nachtmusik
Edward Gregson: Saxophone Concerto
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 6 in B minor op. 74, Pathétique
Andreas Hotz - conductor
Soloist: Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Programme:
Saxophonist Asya Fateyeva and cellist Bo Wiget explore musical spaces together - beyond stylistic categories. Improvisation meets composed structure, sonic fragments weave themselves into narratives. Based on works and fragments from Bach to Bartók, they provide a new perspective on familiar musical landscapes.
Programme:
How do you describe the style of one of the most innovative and, in the best sense of the word, most individual oud virtuosos of our time? Perhaps with this comparison: listening to his music is like looking at a seemingly endless series of filigree miniatures through a microscope - the breathtaking beauty lies in the variety of details, without drama or grand gestures. In the first half of the concert, Issam Rafea takes us into this, his musical world, before he then meets the young saxophonist Asya Fateyeva, who is currently exploring the role of her instrument in classical music anew, in a programme created especially for the Morgenland Festival.
Issam Rafea - Oud (Arabic lute)
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Programme:
Mozart: Divertimento in F major KV 138
Schumann: Piano Quintet in E flat major op. 44
Poulenc: Sonata for clarinet and piano
Say: Piano trio ‘Space Jump’, String Quartet op. 29, Suite for alto saxophone and piano
Sabine Meyer - clarinette
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Fazil Say - piano
Goldmund Quartett
Programme:
Mozart: Divertimento in F major KV 138
Schumann: Piano Quintet in E flat major op. 44
Poulenc: Sonata for clarinet and piano
Say: Piano trio ‘Space Jump’, String Quartet op. 29, Suite for alto saxophone and piano
Sabine Meyer - clarinette
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Fazil Say - piano
Goldmund Quartett
Programme:
Love in all its facets takes centre stage in this concert. The married couple Asya Fateyeva and Stephan Simonian take us on an emotional journey through sound - from tender longing to dramatic intensity with works by Robert Schumann, the Mendelssohns and Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suite.
Programme:
‘Hidden Treasures’ - Works by Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Gabriel Fauré and others.
Fine Arts Quartet
Ralph Evans - violinEfim Boico - violinGil Sharon - violaNiklas Schmidt - cello
Mark Gothóni - Violin
Anna Kreetta Gribajcevic - viola
Arto Noras - cello
Jens Bomhardt - bass
Asya Fateyeva - şaxofone
Diana Ketler - piano
“Time Stands Still – Klang der Weihnacht” brings together the lyrical saxophone sounds of Asya Fateyeva and the delicate vocal harmonies of Ensemble Niniwe for an atmospheric musical journey through traditional and modern Christmas music.
Ensemble Resonanz KammerorchesterBarbara Bultmann ViolineJuditha Haeberlin ViolineTim-Erik Winzer ViolaSaerom Park VioloncelloAsya Fateyeva SaxofonVlatko Kucan SaxofonJohn Eckhardt KontrabassDulguun Chinchuluun KlavierLin Chen SchlagwerkFriederike Scheunchen Dirigentin
Im Rahmen des „Music Calls“ sind ebenfalls kombinierte Musik- und Paper-Einreichungen möglich. Des weiteren gibt es zwei „Special Calls“: zum einen für das vom Ensemble Resonanz performte Eröffnungskonzert in der Hamburger Elbphilarmonie und zum anderen für Solowerke für die Saxophonistin Asya Fateyeva und den Kontrabassisten John Eckhard.
Asya Fateyeva SaxofonLuise Enzian BarockharfeThor-Harald Johnsen Laute
Asya Fateyeva, saxophoneDeutsches Symphonie-Orchester BerlinKazuki Yamada, conductor
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Clarinet Concerto in A major KV 622 (for saxophone)Erkki-Sven Tüür: Concerto for alto saxophone and orchestra (world premiere)Peter Tschaikowsky: Symphony No. 5 in E minor op. 64
Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester BerlinKazuki Yamada, LeitungAsya Fateyeva, Saxofon
Louise Farrenc: Ouvertüre Nr. 1, op. 23 e-MollWolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Klarinettenkonzert A-Dur KV 622 (für Saxophon)Peter Tschaikowsky: Sinfonie Nr. 5 e-Moll op. 64
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonStipendiatinnen und Stipendiaten der Villa Musica Rheinland-PfalzWolfgang Amadeus Mozart:Klarinettenquintett A-Dur, KV 581 (Fassung für Saxophon und Streicher)Csaba Deák: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Ungarn 1992)Ellen Taaffe Zwillich: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (USA, 2007)Anders Koppel: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Dänemark, 2011)
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonStipendiatinnen und Stipendiaten der Villa Musica Rheinland-PfalzWolfgang Amadeus Mozart:Klarinettenquintett A-Dur, KV 581 (Fassung für Saxophon und Streicher)Csaba Deák: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Ungarn 1992)Ellen Taaffe Zwillich: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (USA, 2007)Anders Koppel: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Dänemark, 2011)
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonStipendiatinnen und Stipendiaten der Villa Musica Rheinland-PfalzWolfgang Amadeus Mozart:Klarinettenquintett A-Dur, KV 581 (Fassung für Saxophon und Streicher)Csaba Deák: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Ungarn 1992)Ellen Taaffe Zwillich: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (USA, 2007)Anders Koppel: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Dänemark, 2011)
Asya Fateyeva, SaxofonLuise Enzian, BarockharfeThor-Harald Johnsen, Laute
Barbara Strozzi»Che si può fare«
John Dowland»Come, Heavy Sleep«
Giovanni Antonio Pandolfi MealliSonate Nr. 2 »La cesta«
Johann Philipp Krieger»An die Einsamkeit«
Lana Del Rey »Hope is a dangerous thing for a woman like me to have«
u.a.
Asya Fateyeva, SaxofonLuise Enzian, BarockharfeThor-Harald Johnsen, Laute
Barbara Strozzi»Che si può fare«
John Dowland»Come, Heavy Sleep«
Giovanni Antonio Pandolfi MealliSonate Nr. 2 »La cesta«
Johann Philipp Krieger»An die Einsamkeit«
Lana Del Rey »Hope is a dangerous thing for a woman like me to have«
u.a.
lautten compagney BERLIN
Asya Fateyeva Saxofon
Leitung Wolfgang Katschner
A MELANCHOLIC WALK— Ein Wandelkonzert mit Konzerten und Lesungen rund um John Dowland und Zeitgenossen.
Mit Sophie Rois, Ensemble Quillo, lautten compagney BERLIN, Wolfgang Katschner (Musikalische Leitung)
Asya Fateyeva, saxophone
Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra
Esa-Pekka Salonen, Conductor
Erkki-Sven Tüür: Saxophone concert – Swedish premiere of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra's co-comissionAsya Fateyeva, saxophonelautten compagney BERLINWolfgang Katschner, conductor
Program: »Dancing Queen!« – Music by Jean-Philippe Rameau and ABBAAsya Fateyeva, SaxophonStipendiatinnen und Stipendiaten der Villa Musica Rheinland-PfalzWolfgang Amadeus Mozart:Klarinettenquintett A-Dur, KV 581 (Fassung für Saxophon und Streicher)Csaba Deák: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Ungarn 1992)Ellen Taaffe Zwillich: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (USA, 2007)Anders Koppel: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Dänemark, 2011)
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonStipendiatinnen und Stipendiaten der Villa Musica Rheinland-PfalzWolfgang Amadeus Mozart:Klarinettenquintett A-Dur, KV 581 (Fassung für Saxophon und Streicher)Csaba Deák: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Ungarn 1992)Ellen Taaffe Zwillich: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (USA, 2007)Anders Koppel: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Dänemark, 2011)
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonStipendiatinnen und Stipendiaten der Villa Musica Rheinland-PfalzWolfgang Amadeus Mozart:Klarinettenquintett A-Dur, KV 581 (Fassung für Saxophon und Streicher)Csaba Deák: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Ungarn 1992)Ellen Taaffe Zwillich: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (USA, 2007)Anders Koppel: Quintett für Altsaxophon und Streichquartett (Dänemark, 2011)
Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester BerlinKazuki Yamada, LeitungAsya Fateyeva, Saxofon
Louise Farrenc: Ouvertüre Nr. 1, op. 23 e-MollWolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Klarinettenkonzert A-Dur KV 622 (für Saxophon)Peter Tschaikowsky: Sinfonie Nr. 5 e-Moll op. 64
Asya Fateyeva, saxophoneDeutsches Symphonie-Orchester BerlinKazuki Yamada, conductor
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Clarinet Concerto in A major KV 622 (for saxophone)Erkki-Sven Tüür: Concerto for alto saxophone and orchestra (world premiere)Peter Tschaikowsky: Symphony No. 5 in E minor op. 64
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonEckart Runge, VioloncelloAndreas Borregaard, Akkordeon
Programm
Johann Sebastian BachGoldberg-Variationen BWV 988
Fazil Say's Suite for AltoSax & Piano, op. 55
ASYA FATEYEVA (SAXOPHON)HERBERT SCHUCH (KLAVIER)
Saxophon Asya Fateyevalautten compagney BERLINLaute und Leitung Wolfgang Katschner
ASYA FATEYEVA, SAXOPHONVALERIYA MYROSH, KLAVIER
Asya Fateyeva SaxofonLuise Enzian BarockharfeThor-Harald Johnsen Laute
Asya Fateyeva SaxophonBo Wiget Bearbeitungen
LAUTTEN COMPAGNEY BERLINWolfgang Katschner Laute & Leitung
Asya Fateyeva - SaxophonEckart Runge - CelloAndreas Borregaard - Akkordeon
lautten compagney BERLIN
Asya Fateyeva Saxofon
Leitung Wolfgang Katschner
infos will be released shortly
works by Modest Mussorgsky & Arnold Schoenberg
works by Modest Mussorgsky & Arnold Schoenberg
Im Rahmen des „Music Calls“ sind ebenfalls kombinierte Musik- und Paper-Einreichungen möglich. Des weiteren gibt es zwei „Special Calls“: zum einen für das vom Ensemble Resonanz performte Eröffnungskonzert in der Hamburger Elbphilarmonie und zum anderen für Solowerke für die Saxophonistin Asya Fateyeva und den Kontrabassisten John Eckhard.
Ensemble Resonanz KammerorchesterBarbara Bultmann ViolineJuditha Haeberlin ViolineTim-Erik Winzer ViolaSaerom Park VioloncelloAsya Fateyeva SaxofonVlatko Kucan SaxofonJohn Eckhardt KontrabassDulguun Chinchuluun KlavierLin Chen SchlagwerkFriederike Scheunchen Dirigentin
Lars Danielsson – Cello/KontrabassAsya Fateyeva – Saxophon Martín Zamorano – KlavierDanica Hobden – GitarreJoshua Weiß – Schlagzeug
Clemens Malich – Dirgent The Young ClassX Orchestra
Programme:
Anna Clyne - Glasslands for saxophone and orchestra
Programme:
Anna Clyne - Glasslands for saxophone and orchestra
Programme:
Anna Clyne - Glasslands for saxophone and orchestra
an innovative Bach programme
season finale
Asya Fateyeva – saxophone
Martin Zamorano – piano & joint
“Time Stands Still – Klang der Weihnacht” brings together the lyrical saxophone sounds of Asya Fateyeva and the delicate vocal harmonies of Ensemble Niniwe for an atmospheric musical journey through traditional and modern Christmas music.
Programme:
With works by Bach, Brahms, Chopin and Debussy.
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Valeriya Myrosh - piano
Programme:
Works by Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Peter Eötvös and John Williams.
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Mei-Ann Chen - conductor
Programme:
‘Hidden Treasures’ - Works by Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Gabriel Fauré and others.
Fine Arts Quartet
Ralph Evans - violinEfim Boico - violinGil Sharon - violaNiklas Schmidt - cello
Mark Gothóni - Violin
Anna Kreetta Gribajcevic - viola
Arto Noras - cello
Jens Bomhardt - bass
Asya Fateyeva - şaxofone
Diana Ketler - piano
Programme:
Works by George Gershwin, Bernhard Heiden, Paul Hindemith and Erwin Schulhoff.
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Severin von Eckardstein - piano
Programme:
Love in all its facets takes centre stage in this concert. The married couple Asya Fateyeva and Stephan Simonian take us on an emotional journey through sound - from tender longing to dramatic intensity with works by Robert Schumann, the Mendelssohns and Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suite.
Programme:
ABBA vs. Jean-Philippe Rameau
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
lautten compagney BERLIN
Programme:
Works by Barbara Strozzi, Lana Del Rey, Lera Auerbach and others.
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Luise Enzian - baroque harp
Programme:
Works by Barbara Strozzi, Lana Del Rey, Lera Auerbach and others.
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Luise Enzian - baroque harp
Programme:
Mozart: Divertimento in F major KV 138
Schumann: Piano Quintet in E flat major op. 44
Poulenc: Sonata for clarinet and piano
Say: Piano trio ‘Space Jump’, String Quartet op. 29, Suite for alto saxophone and piano
Sabine Meyer - clarinette
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Fazil Say - piano
Goldmund Quartett
Programme:
Mozart: Divertimento in F major KV 138
Schumann: Piano Quintet in E flat major op. 44
Poulenc: Sonata for clarinet and piano
Say: Piano trio ‘Space Jump’, String Quartet op. 29, Suite for alto saxophone and piano
Sabine Meyer - clarinette
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Fazil Say - piano
Goldmund Quartett
Programme:
Heitor Villa-Lobos - Fantasy for soprano saxophone and orchestra W.409
Darius Milhaud - ‘Scaramouche’ - Suite for saxophone (or piano) and orchestra op. 165 c
Joseph Bastian, conductor
Asya Fateyeva, saxophon
Programme:
How do you describe the style of one of the most innovative and, in the best sense of the word, most individual oud virtuosos of our time? Perhaps with this comparison: listening to his music is like looking at a seemingly endless series of filigree miniatures through a microscope - the breathtaking beauty lies in the variety of details, without drama or grand gestures. In the first half of the concert, Issam Rafea takes us into this, his musical world, before he then meets the young saxophonist Asya Fateyeva, who is currently exploring the role of her instrument in classical music anew, in a programme created especially for the Morgenland Festival.
Issam Rafea - Oud (Arabic lute)
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Programme:
Saxophonist Asya Fateyeva and cellist Bo Wiget explore musical spaces together - beyond stylistic categories. Improvisation meets composed structure, sonic fragments weave themselves into narratives. Based on works and fragments from Bach to Bartók, they provide a new perspective on familiar musical landscapes.
Programme:
Symphony Concert No. 8
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Serenade No. 13 for Strings in G major KV 525, Eine kleine Nachtmusik
Edward Gregson: Saxophone Concerto
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 6 in B minor op. 74, Pathétique
Andreas Hotz - conductor
Soloist: Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Programme:
A combination of saxophone, cello, hurdy-gurdy, vibraphone and the Arabic drum darbuka. Together, the musicians present a fascinating programme in which Occitan sounds from the 12th and 13th centuries are combined with contemporary techniques.
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Matthias Loibner - hurdy-gurdy
Bo Wiget - cello
Emil Kuyumcuyan - vibraphone, darbuka
Programme:
Mountain dance, Bolero, Talan, Gore,Turm Bird, Sofa, Wedding, Her first dance, Ritual dance
Asya Fateyeva - saxophone
Evelina Petrova - accordion
Programme:An evening of improvisation on Baroque music with saxophone, cello, and piano
Asya Fateyeva – şaxofone
Thor-Harald Johnsen - lute
Bo Wiget - cello/electronics
Martin Zamorano - piano
Aigerim Seilova - Multimedia
Programme:An evening of improvisation on Baroque music with saxophone, cello, and piano
Asya Fateyeva – saxophone
Bo Wiget – cello
Martín Zamorano – piano
Programme:
Alexander Glazunov - Konzert für Alt-Saxophon und Orchester op. 109
Programme:
Alexander Glazunov - Konzert für Alt-Saxophon und Orchester op. 109
Asya Fateyeva, Philippe Bach, Kammerphilharmonie Graubünden
Programme:
Anna Clyne - Glasslands for saxophone and orchestra
Programme:
Béla Bartók - Sechs Rumänische Volkstänze für Saxophon und Streichorchester
Alexander Glazunov - Konzert für Alt-Saxophon und Orchester op. 109
Programme:
Luciano Berio - Chemin IV (su Sequenza VII), für Sopransaxophon und Streicher
Franz Schubert - Sonate a-moll D821 "Arpeggione" für Alt-Saxophon und Streicher von Dobrinka Tabakova
Programme:
Luciano Berio - Chemin IV (su Sequenza VII), für Sopransaxophon und Streicher
Franz Schubert - Sonate a-moll D821 "Arpeggione" für Alt-Saxophon und Streicher von Dobrinka Tabakova
Programme:
Luciano Berio - Chemin IV (su Sequenza VII), für Sopransaxophon und Streicher
Franz Schubert - Sonate a-moll D821 "Arpeggione" für Alt-Saxophon und Streicher von Dobrinka Tabakova
Asya Fateyeva, Rasmus Baumann
Programme:
Darius Milhaud - "Scaramouche" - Suite für Saxofon (oder Klavier) und Orchester op. 165 c
Programme:
Erwin Schulhoff - Hot-Sonate für Altsaxophon und Orchester (Tarkmann Fassung)
Benedetto Marcello - Konzert für Oboe und Orchester c-Moll
Asya Fateyeva, Rasmus Baumann
Programme:
Darius Milhaud - "Scaramouche" - Suite für Saxofon (oder Klavier) und Orchester op. 165 c
Asya Fateyeva Saxofon
Ensemble arabesques
Asya Fateyeva, Sergio Azzolini, L’Onda Armonica
Asya Fateyeva, Sergio Azzolini, L’Onda Armonica
Asya Fateyeva, Florian Donderer, Emma Yoon, Yuko Hara, Tanja Tetzlaff, Stepan Simonian
Asya Fateyeva, Florian Donderer, Emma Yoon, Yuko Hara, Tanja Tetzlaff, Stepan Simonian
Asya Fateyeva, Teilnehmende des Saxophon-Workshops
Asya Fateyeva, Duncan Ward, Schleswig-Holstein Festival Orchestra
Asya Fateyeva, Duncan Ward, Schleswig-Holstein Festival Orchestra
Asya Fateyeva, lautten compagney BERLIN, Wolfgang Katschner
Asya Fateyeva, lautten compagney BERLIN, Wolfgang Katschner
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonLuise Enzian, BarockharfeThor-Harald Johnsen, Laute
ProgrammWerke von Caccini, Strozzi, Dowland und Lana del Rey
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonLuise Enzian, BarockharfeThor-Harald Johnsen, Laute
ProgrammWerke von Caccini, Strozzi, Dowland und Lana del Rey
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonMatthias Loibner, DrehleierBo Wiget, CelloEmil Kuyumcuyan, Vibraphon und Darbuka
Programm»An die Liebe« – Provenzalische und maurische Melodien und Weisen aus dem frühen Mittelalter
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonMatthias Loibner, DrehleierBo Wiget, CelloEmil Kuyumcuyan, Vibraphon und Darbuka
Programm»An die Liebe« – Provenzalische und maurische Melodien und Weisen aus dem frühen Mittelalter
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonAvi Avital, MandolineVenice Baroque OrchestraMassimo Raccanelli, Dirigent
ProgrammVivaldi: »Die vier Jahreszeiten« sowie Werke für Saxophon, Mandoline und Orchester
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonAvi Avital, MandolineVenice Baroque OrchestraMassimo Raccanelli, Dirigent
ProgrammVivaldi: »Die vier Jahreszeiten« sowie Werke für Saxophon, Mandoline und Orchester
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonThomas Cornelius, OrgelNDR VokalensembleKlaas Stok, Dirigent
ProgrammWerke von Claudio Monteverdi, Giovanni Gabrieli, Gesualdo di Venosa, Márton Illés u. a.
Asya Fateyeva, SaxophonThomas Cornelius, OrgelNDR VokalensembleKlaas Stok, Dirigent
ProgrammWerke von Claudio Monteverdi, Giovanni Gabrieli, Gesualdo di Venosa, Márton Illés u. a.